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Introduction

Balanitis - inflammation of the glans

Posthitis - inflammation of the prepuce (foreskin)

Usually occur together as balanoposthitis in the uncircumcised male. It is uncommon in circumcised men.

 

Aims of treatment:

  • to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infection to minimise sexual dysfunction
  • to minimise urinary dysfunction to exclude penile cancer
  • to treat premalignant disease.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include:

  • rash
  • inability to retract foreskin
  • itch
  • odour
  • dyspareunia
  • dysuria.

 

Signs include:

  • erythema
  • textural changes such as scaling or leukoplakia (pallor/plaques)
  • purpura
  • ulceration
  • fissuring
  • oedema
  • odour
  • phimosis.


If associated with a generalised condition, there may be systemic features, e.g:

  • lymphadenopathy
  • arthritis
  • non-genital rash.

Investigations / diagnosis

  • Consider subpreputial swab for candida spp and bacterial culture in severe cases or where symptoms don’t resolve to general hygiene measures.
  • If candidal infection is present, refer to GP to exclude diabetes.
  • PCR for herpes simplex/syphilis if ulceration present (in addition to serology for syphilis).
  • Testing for sexually transmitted infections if appropriate.
  • Refer for biopsy if a pre-malignant or malignant condition is suspected.

Range of factors causing balanitis

Infectious

Dermatoses

Miscellaneous

Candida albicans

Lichen sclerosis

Trauma

Trichomonas vaginalis

Plasma Cell (Zoon’s) balanitis

Irritant, e.g. soaps, shower gels

Streptococci

Circinate balanitis

Poor hygiene

Anaerobes

Psoriasis/eczema

Penile intra-epithelial neoplasia

Gardnerella vaginalis

Lichen planus

 

Staphylococcus aureus

Contact allergy, e.g.

soaps, detergents

 

Mycobacteria

Immuno-bullous disorders

 

Entamoeba histolytica

Fixed drug eruption

 

Syphilis

Stevens-Johnson

Syndrome

 

Herpes simplex virus

 

 

Human papillomavirus

 

 

Management

Where a specific cause is identified, management should follow the relevant guideline.

General advice:

  • Salt water bathing in addition to hygiene advice.
  • Avoid soaps when inflammation is present. Soap substitutes include aqueous cream, E45, Dermol.
  • Oil based creams may affect condom efficacy.
  • Avoid possible irritants, e.g., baby wipes, shower gels, lubricants, hygiene sprays.
  • Consider a trial of hypo-allergenic condoms if client uses condoms.
  • If symptoms fail to resolve, consider referring on to senior GU colleague or dermatology for review. A trial of mild topical steroid maybe considered.

References

  1. BASHH UK National Guideline on the management of balanoposthitis, 2008 2062.pdf (bashhguidelines.org) (accessed online May 2022 )
  2. Patient Information Leaflet

West-of-Scotland-Balanitis-Leaflet-Final-3.1-August-21.pdf
West-of-Scotland-Genital-Hygiene-PIL-Final-3.1-August-2021.pdf

Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 31/05/2022

Next review date: 31/05/2026

Author(s): West of Scotland Managed Clinical Network for Sexual Health Clinical Guidelines Group.

Version: 4.1

Approved By: West of Scotland Managed Clinical Network for Sexual Health