Patient history and differential diagnosis

Warning

Common Differential Diagnoses:

  • Pes Cavus
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Impingements
  • Spring Ligament Rupture
  • Adult Acquired Flatfoot (PTTD)
  • Pes Planus

Pes cavus

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of pes cavus.

Cote, K.P., Brunet II, M.E., Gansneder, B.M. and Shultz, S.J., 2005. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of athletic training, 40(1), p.41.
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Franco, A.H., 1987. Pes cavus and pes planus. Analyses and treatment. Physical therapy, 67(5), pp.688-694.
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Osteoarthritis

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of midfoot osteoarthritis.

Thomas, M., Peat, G., Rathod, T., Moore, A., Menz, H.B. and Roddy, E., 2014. 188. The Epidemiology of Midfoot Pain and Symptomatic Midfoot Osteoarthritis: Cross-Sectional Findings from the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot. Rheumatology, 53(suppl 1), pp.i129-i130.
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Thomas, M.J., Roddy, E., Rathod, T., Marshall, M., Moore, A., Menz, H.B. and Peat, G., 2015. Clinical diagnosis of symptomatic midfoot osteoarthritis: cross-sectional findings from the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 23(12), pp.2094-2101.
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Menz, H.B., Munteanu, S.E., Zammit, G.V. and Landorf, K.B., 2010. Foot structure and function in older people with radiographic osteoarthritis of the medial midfoot. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 18(3), pp.317-322.
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Impingements/subluxations

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of impingements and subluxations affecting the midfoot.

Lau, S., Bozin, M. and Thillainadesan, T., 2017. Lisfranc fracture dislocation: a review of a commonly missed injury of the midfoot. Emerg Med J, 34(1), pp.52-56.
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Anderson, J.G., Bohay, D.R., Patthanacharoenphon, C.G. and Ertl, A.M., 2014. Midfoot injuries. In Sports Injuries of the Foot (pp. 71-85). Springer US.
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Kirby, K.A., 1997. Foot and Lower Extremity Biomechanics: A Ten Year Collection of Precision Intricast Newsletters. Precision Intricast Incorporated, pp. 165-166
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Tarsal disorders

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of tarsal disorders.

Tuthill, H.L., Finkelstein, E.R., Sanchez, A.M., Clifford, P.D., Subhawong, T.K. and Jose, J., 2014. Imaging of tarsal navicular disorders: a pictorial review. Foot & ankle specialist, 7(3), pp.210-224.
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Spring ligament rupture

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of calcaneo-navicular (spring) ligament dysfunction.

Omar, H., Saini, V., Wadhwa, V., Liu, G. and Chhabra, A., 2016. Spring ligament complex: Illustrated normal anatomy and spectrum of pathologies on 3T MR imaging. European Journal of Radiology, 85(11), pp.2133-2143.
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Williams, G., Widnall, J., Evans, P. and Platt, S., 2014. Could failure of the spring ligament complex be the driving force behind the development of the adult flatfoot deformity?. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery, 53(2), pp.152-155.
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Adult acquired flatfoot (PTTD)

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of adult acquired flat foot deformity, including posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

Ness, M.E., Long, J., Marks, R. and Harris, G., 2008. Foot and ankle kinematics in patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Gait & posture, 27(2), pp.331-339.
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Rabbito, M., Pohl, M.B., Humble, N. and Ferber, R., 2011. Biomechanical and clinical factors related to stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 41(10), pp.776-784.
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Giza, E., Cush, G. and Schon, L.C., 2007. The flexible flatfoot in the adult. Foot and ankle clinics, 12(2), pp.251-271.
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Razeghi, M. and Batt, M.E., 2002. Foot type classification: a critical review of current methods. Gait & posture, 15(3), pp.282-291.
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Ross, M.H., Smith, M.D., Mellor, R., Durbridge, G. and Vicenzino, B., Clinical Tests of Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy: Are They Reliable and How Well Are They Reflected in Structural Changes on Imaging?. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, pp.1-29.
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Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 01/08/2024

Next review date: 01/08/2025

Approved By: British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO)

Reviewer name(s): Laura Barr, British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO) Professional Affairs Committee .