Evidence for orthotic treatment of the lower leg

Warning

Footwear / FW adaptation / advice

Interventional Studies

van der Zwaard, B.C., Poppe, E., Vanwanseele, B., van der Horst, H.E. and Elders, P.J., 2014. Development and evaluation of a leaflet containing shoe advice: a randomized controlled trial. Family practice, 31(3), pp.267-272.
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Observational Studies

Mündermann, A., Nigg, B.M., Stefanyshyn, D.J. and Humble, R.N., 2002. Development of a reliable method to assess footwear comfort during running. Gait & posture, 16(1), pp.38-45.
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Insoles

Interventional Studies

Bonanno, D.R., Murley, G.S., Munteanu, S.E., Landorf, K.B. and Menz, H.B., 2018. Effectiveness of foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med, 52(5), pp.298-302.
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Franklyn-Miller, A., Wilson, C., Bilzon, J. and McCrory, P., 2011. Foot orthoses in the prevention of injury in initial military training: a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of sports medicine, 39(1), pp.30-37.
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Larsen, K., Weidich, F. and Leboeuf-Yde, C., 2002. Can custom-made biomechanic shoe orthoses prevent problems in the back and lower extremities? A randomized, controlled intervention trial of 146 military conscripts. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 25(5), pp.326-331.
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Naderi, A., Bagheri, S., Ahoor, F.R., Moen, M.H. and Degens, H., 2022. Foot orthoses enhance the effectiveness of exercise, shockwave, and ice therapy in the management of medial tibial stress syndrome. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 32(3), pp.e251-e260.
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Observational Studies

Barr, L., Munro, N., Watters, K., McCaig, R., Richards, J. and Chapman, G.J., 2024. The effectiveness of custom hard-shell 3D-printed foot orthoses in a cohort of patients who did not respond to treatment with custom ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) foot orthoses. The Foot, 61, p.102142.
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Loudon, J.K. and Dolphino, M.R., 2010. Use of foot orthoses and calf stretching for individuals with medial tibial stress syndrome. Foot & ankle specialist, 3(1), pp.15-20.
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Mündermann, A., Nigg, B.M., Stefanyshyn, D.J. and Humble, R.N., 2002. Development of a reliable method to assess footwear comfort during running. Gait & posture, 16(1), pp.38-45.
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AFO / Ankle brace

Interventional Studies

Esfandiari, E., Saeedi, H., Ahmadi, A., Jalali, M., Pour, A.M. and Abdollah, V., 2022. Investigating the effects of conventional thermoplastic ankle-foot and the neoprene ankle-foot orthoses on the kinetics and kinematics of gait in people with foot drop following traumatic injury of the peroneal nerve: A pilot study. The Foot, 50, p.101898.
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Observational Studies

Brief, J.M., Brief, R., Ergas, E., Brief, L.P. and Brief, A.A., 2009. Peroneal Nerve Injury with Foot Drop Complicating Ankle Sprain. Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases, 67(4), pp.374-7.
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Carlson Strother, C., Dittman, L.E., Spinner, R.J., Bishop, A.T. and Shin, A.Y., 2023. Surgical management of peroneal nerve injuries. Acta Neurochirurgica, 165(9), pp.2573-2580.
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Quacinella, M., Mazzone, B., Kuhn, K. and Wyatt, M., 2019. Use of the Intrepid Dynamic Exoskeletal Orthosis in the Management of Common Peroneal Nerve Palsy after Knee Dislocation. Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 31(1), pp.11-15.
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Case Series / Case Studies

Bishop, D., Moore, A. and Chandrashekar, N., 2009. A new ankle foot orthosis for running. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 33(3), pp.192-197.
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Mulligan, E.P. and McCain, K., 2012. Common fibular (peroneal) neuropathy as the result of a ganglion cyst. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 42(12), pp.1051-1051.
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Myers, R.J., Murdock, E.E., Farooqi, M., Van Ness, G. and Crawford, D.C., 2015. A unique case of common peroneal nerve entrapment. Orthopedics, 38(7), pp.e644-e646.
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Presuto, M.M., Stickley, C.D., Perlsweig, K.A., Kimura, I.F. and Antoine, G.M., 2013. Long-Term Outcomes of a Dynamic Ankle-Foot Orthosis on Gait Characteristics of a Service Member With Incomplete Nerve Injury to the Lower Extremity: A Case Report. Military medicine, 178(7), pp.e870-e875.
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Shorter, K.A., Kogler, G.F., Loth, E., Durfee, W.K. and Hsiao-Wecksler, E.T., 2011. A portable powered ankle-foot orthosis for rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 48(4).
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Narrative Literature Reviews

Haupt, E.T., Chan, J.Y., Michalski, M. and Thordarson, D.B., 2022. Evaluation and Management of Adult Footdrop. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 30(16), pp.747-756.
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Rogati, G., Caravaggi, P. and Leardini, A., 2022. Design principles, manufacturing and evaluation techniques of custom dynamic ankle-foot orthoses: a review study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 15(1), p.38.
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Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 01/12/2024

Next review date: 01/12/2025

Approved By: British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO)

Reviewer name(s): Laura Barr, British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO) Professional Affairs Committee.