Patient history and differential diagnosis

Warning

Common Differential Diagnoses:

  • Ligamentous deficit
  • Osteochondral Defect / Degenerative ankle / Subtalar joint
  • Syndesmotic injury
  • Peroneal weakness / impairment / tendonopathy

Ligamentous deficit

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of ligamentous deficit associated with lateral ankle injury / instability.

Shakked, R.J. and Sheskier, S., 2017. Acute and Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: Diagnosis, Management, and New Concepts. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 75(1), p.71.
Click here for Article

Hertel, J., 2000. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sports Medicine, 29(5), pp.361-371.
Click here for Article

Hertel, J., 2002. Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. Journal of athletic training, 37(4), p.364.
Click here for Article

Kristianslund, E., Bahr, R. and Krosshaug, T., 2011. Kinematics and kinetics of an accidental lateral ankle sprain. Journal of biomechanics, 44(14), pp.2576-2578.
Click here for Article

Osteochondral defect (Talar OCD)

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of osteochondral defects affecting the ankle.

Reilingh, M.L., Zengerink, M. and van Bergen, C.L., 2010. The natural history of osteochondral lesions in the ankle. Instr Course Lect, 59, pp.375-386.
Click here for Article

van Bergen, C.J., Gerards, R.M., Opdam, K.T., Terra, M.P. and Kerkhoffs, G.M., 2015. Diagnosing, planning and evaluating osteochondral ankle defects with imaging modalities. World journal of orthopedics, 6(11), pp.944-953.
Click here for Article

Van Dijk, C.N., Reilingh, M.L., Zengerink, M. and Van Bergen, C.J., 2010. Osteochondral defects in the ankle: why painful?. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 18(5), pp.570-580.
Click here for Article

Syndesmotic injury

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of syndesmotic injury affecting the ankle.

Clanton, T.O., Ho, C.P., Williams, B.T., Surowiec, R.K., Gatlin, C.C., Haytmanek, C.T. and LaPrade, R.F., 2016. Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of individual ankle syndesmosis structures in asymptomatic and surgically treated cohorts. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24(7), pp.2089-2102.
Click here for Article

Williams, B.T., Ahrberg, A.B., Goldsmith, M.T., Campbell, K.J., Shirley, L., Wijdicks, C.A., LaPrade, R.F. and Clanton, T.O., 2015. Ankle Syndesmosis A Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomic Analysis. The American journal of sports medicine, 43(1), pp.88-97.
Click here for Article

Peroneal tendinopathy/dysfunction

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of peroneal dysfunction.

Kumar, Y., Alian, A., Ahlawat, S., Wukich, D.K. and Chhabra, A., 2017. Peroneal tendon pathology: Pre-and post-operative high resolution US and MR imaging. European journal of radiology, 92, pp.132-144.
Click here for Article

Heckman, D.S., Gluck, G.S. and Parekh, S.G., 2009. Tendon Disorders of the Foot and Ankle, Part 1 Peroneal Tendon Disorders. The American journal of sports medicine, 37(3), pp.614-625.
Click here for Article

Hertel, J., 2000. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sports Medicine, 29(5), pp.361-371.
Click here for Article

Selmani, E., Gjata, V. and Gjika, E., 2006. Current concepts review: peroneal tendon disorders. Foot & ankle international, 27(3), pp.221-228.
Click here for Article

Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 01/08/2024

Next review date: 01/08/2025

Approved By: British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO)

Reviewer name(s): Laura Barr, British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO) Professional Affairs Committee .