Evidence for orthotic treatment of the knee

Meta-Analyses

Kayll, S.A., Hinman, R.S., Bryant, A.L., Bennell, K.L., Rowe, P.L. and Paterson, K.L., 2023. Do biomechanical foot-based interventions reduce patellofemoral joint loads in adults with and without patellofemoral pain or osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(13), pp.872-881.
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Telfer, S., Lange, M.J. and Sudduth, A.S., 2017. Factors influencing knee adduction moment measurement: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Gait & posture, 58, pp.333-339.
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Systematic Reviews

Radzimski, A.O., Mündermann, A. and Sole, G., 2012. Effect of footwear on the external knee adduction moment—a systematic review. The knee, 19(3), pp.163-175.
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Wagner, A. and Luna, S., 2018. Effect of footwear on joint pain and function in older adults with lower extremity osteoarthritis. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 41(2), pp.85-101.
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Interventional Studies

Hinman, R.S., Wrigley, T.V., Metcalf, B.R., Campbell, P.K., Paterson, K.L., Hunter, D.J., Kasza, J., Forbes, A. and Bennell, K.L., 2016. Unloading shoes for self-management of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine, 165(6), pp.381-389.
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Jones, R.K., Chapman, G.J., Parkes, M.J., Forsythe, L. and Felson, D.T., 2015. The effect of different types of insoles or shoe modifications on medial loading of the knee in persons with medial knee osteoarthritis: a randomised trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 33(11), pp.1646-1654.
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Trombini-Souza, F., Matias, A.B., Yokota, M., Butugan, M.K., Goldenstein-Schainberg, C., Fuller, R. and Sacco, I.C., 2015. Long-term use of minimal footwear on pain, self-reported function, analgesic intake, and joint loading in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Biomechanics, 30(10), pp.1194-1201.
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Van Ginckel, A., Bennell, K.L., Campbell, P.K., Kasza, J., Wrigley, T.V., Hunter, D.J. and Hinman, R.S., 2017. Associations between changes in knee pain location and clinical symptoms in people with medial knee osteoarthritis using footwear for self-management: an exploratory study. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 25(8), pp.1257-1264.
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Wyndow, N., Crossley, K.M., Vicenzino, B., Tucker, K. and Collins, N.J., 2019. Foot orthoses and footwear for the management of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized trial. Arthritis care & research.
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Observational Studies

Kutzner, I., Stephan, D., Dymke, J., Bender, A., Graichen, F. and Bergmann, G., 2013. The influence of footwear on knee joint loading during walking—in vivo load measurements with instrumented knee implants. Journal of biomechanics, 46(4), pp.796-800.
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Madden, E.G., Kean, C.O., Wrigley, T.V., Bennell, K.L. and Hinman, R.S., 2017. How do rocker-soled shoes influence the knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis? An analysis of biomechanical mechanisms. Journal of biomechanics, 57, pp.62-68.
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Paterson, K.L., Bennell, K.L., Wrigley, T.V., Metcalf, B.R., Kasza, J. and Hinman, R.S., 2017. Effects of footwear on the knee adduction moment in medial knee osteoarthritis: classification criteria for flat flexible vs stable supportive shoes. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 25(2), pp.234-241.
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Shakoor, N., Lidtke, R.H., Wimmer, M.A., Mikolaitis, R.A., Foucher, K.C., Thorp, L.E., Fogg, L.F. and Block, J.A., 2013. Improvement in knee loading after use of specialized footwear for knee osteoarthritis: results of a six‐month pilot investigation. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 65(5), pp.1282-1289.
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Meta-Analyses

Callaghan, M.J., Palmer, E. and O’Neill, T., 2021. Management of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis using biomechanical device therapy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Systematic reviews, 10(1), pp.1-13.
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Kayll, S.A., Hinman, R.S., Bryant, A.L., Bennell, K.L., Rowe, P.L. and Paterson, K.L., 2023. Do biomechanical foot-based interventions reduce patellofemoral joint loads in adults with and without patellofemoral pain or osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(13), pp.872-881.
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Khosravi, M., Babaee, T., Daryabor, A. and Jalali, M., 2022. Effect of knee braces and insoles on clinical outcomes of individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Assistive Technology, 34(5), pp.501-517.
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Khosravi, M., Babaee, T., Daryabor, A. and Jalali, M., 2022. Effect of knee braces and insoles on clinical outcomes of individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Assistive Technology, 34(5), pp.501-517.
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Neal, B.S., Lack, S.D., Bartholomew, C. and Morrissey, D., 2024. Best practice guide for patellofemoral pain based on synthesis of a systematic review, the patient voice and expert clinical reasoning. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
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Shaw, K.E., Charlton, J.M., Perry, C.K., de Vries, C.M., Redekopp, M.J., White, J.A. and Hunt, M.A., 2018. The effects of shoe-worn insoles on gait biomechanics in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 52(4), pp.238-253.
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Yokoyama, M., Iijima, H., Kubota, K. and Kanemura, N., 2022. Identifying the modification factors of exercise therapy on biomechanical load in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv, pp.2022-05.
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Systematic Reviews

Gélis, A., Coudeyre, E., Hudry, C., Pelissier, J., Revel, M. and Rannou, F., 2008. Is there an evidence-based efficacy for the use of foot orthotics in knee and hip osteoarthritis? Elaboration of French clinical practice guidelines. Joint, bone, spine: revue du rhumatisme, 75(6), p.714.
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Jarl, G., Hellstrand Tang, U., Nordén, E., Johannesson, A. and Rusaw, D.F., 2019. Nordic clinical guidelines for orthotic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review using the AGREE II instrument. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 43(5), pp.556-563.
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Malvankar, S., Khan, W.S., Mahapatra, A. and Dowd, G.S., 2012. Suppl 3: How effective are lateral wedge orthotics in treating medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review of the recent literature. The open orthopaedics journal, 6, p.544.
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Raja, K. and Dewan, N., 2011. Efficacy of knee braces and foot orthoses in conservative management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 90(3), pp.247-262.
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Rodriguez-Merchan, E.C. and De La Corte-Rodriguez, H., 2019. The role of orthoses in knee osteoarthritis. Hospital practice (1995), 47(1), p.1.
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Wagner, A. and Luna, S., 2018. Effect of footwear on joint pain and function in older adults with lower extremity osteoarthritis. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 41(2), pp.85-101.
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Zafar, A.Q., Zamani, R. and Akrami, M., 2020. The effectiveness of foot orthoses in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Gait & Posture, 76, pp.238-251.
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Interventional Studies

Ashraf, A., Zarei, F., Hadianfard, M.J., Kazemi, B., Mohammadi, S., Naseri, M., Nasseri, A., Khodadadi, M. and Sayadi, M., 2014. Comparison the effect of lateral wedge insole and acupuncture in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. The Knee, 21(2), pp.439-444.
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Baker, K., Goggins, J., Xie, H., Szumowski, K., LaValley, M., Hunter, D.J. and Felson, D.T., 2007. A randomized crossover trial of a wedged insole for treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 56(4), pp.1198-1203.
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Bartsch, L.P., Schwarze, M., Block, J., Alimusaj, M., Hadzic, A., Renkawitz, T. and Wolf, S.I., 2022. Hindfoot Flexibility Influences the Biomechanical Effects of Laterally Wedged Insoles and Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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Bartsch, L.P., Schwarze, M., Block, J., Alimusaj, M., Schiltenwolf, M., Jaber, A. and Wolf, S.I., 2022. Varus Knee Limits Pain Relief Effects of Laterally Wedged Insoles and Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 54, pp.jrm00324-jrm00324
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Calvin, T.F., Ryan, M.B., Krowchuk, N.M., Scott, A. and Hunt, M.A., 2024. Osteoarthritic Tibiofemoral Joint Contact Characteristics During Weightbearing With Arch-Supported and Standalone Lateral Wedge Insoles. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 1(aop), pp.1-8.
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Campos, G.C.D., Rezende, M.U., Pasqualin, T., Frucchi, R. and Bolliger Neto, R., 2015. Lateral wedge insole for knee osteoarthritis: randomized clinical trial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 133(1), pp.13-19.
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Collins, N., Crossley, K., Beller, E., Darnell, R., McPoil, T. and Vicenzino, B., 2008. Foot orthoses and physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome: randomised clinical trial. Bmj, 337, p.a1735.
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Dessery, Y., Belzile, É., Turmel, S. and Corbeil, P., 2017. Effects of foot orthoses with medial arch support and lateral wedge on knee adduction moment in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 41(4), pp.356-363.
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Duivenvoorden, T., van Raaij, T.M., Horemans, H.L., Brouwer, R.W., Bos, P.K., Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M., Verhaar, J.A. and Reijman, M., 2015. Do laterally wedged insoles or valgus braces unload the medial compartment of the knee in patients with osteoarthritis?. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 473(1), pp.265-274.
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Hsieh, R.L. and Lee, W.C., 2016. Clinical effects of lateral wedge arch support insoles in knee osteoarthritis: A prospective double-blind randomized study. Medicine, 95(27).
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Hunt, M.A., Takacs, J., Krowchuk, N.M., Hatfield, G.L., Hinman, R.S. and Chang, R., 2017. Lateral wedges with and without custom arch support for people with medial knee osteoarthritis and pronated feet: an exploratory randomized crossover study. Journal of foot and ankle research, 10(1), p.20.
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Jones, R.K., Chapman, G.J., Parkes, M.J., Forsythe, L. and Felson, D.T., 2015. The effect of different types of insoles or shoe modifications on medial loading of the knee in persons with medial knee osteoarthritis: a randomised trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 33(11), pp.1646-1654.
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Jones, R.K., Nester, C.J., Richards, J.D., Kim, W.Y., Johnson, D.S., Jari, S., Laxton, P. and Tyson, S.F., 2013. A comparison of the biomechanical effects of valgus knee braces and lateral wedged insoles in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Gait & posture, 37(3), pp.368-372.
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Lewinson, R.T., Vallerand, I.A., Collins, K.H., Wiley, J.P., Lun, V.M., Patel, C., Woodhouse, L.J., Reimer, R.A., Worobets, J.T., Herzog, W. and Stefanyshyn, D.J., 2016. Reduced knee adduction moments for management of knee osteoarthritis:: A three month phase I/II randomized controlled trial. Gait & posture, 50, pp.60-68.
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Robert‐Lachaine, X., Dessery, Y., Belzile, É.L. and Corbeil, P., 2024. Knee braces and foot orthoses multimodal 3‐month treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis in a randomised crossover trial. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.
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Simpson, A.H.R., Clement, N.D., Simpson, S.A., Pandit, H., Smillie, S., Leeds, A.R., Conaghan, P.G., Kingsbury, S.R., Hamilton, D., Craig, P. and Ray, D., 2024. A preoperative package of care for osteoarthritis, consisting of weight loss, orthotics, rehabilitation, and topical and oral analgesia (OPPORTUNITY): a two-centre, open-label, randomised controlled feasibility trial. The Lancet Rheumatology, 6(4), pp.e237-e246.
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Tan, J.M., Menz, H.B., Crossley, K.M., Munteanu, S.E., Hart, H.F., Middleton, K.J., Smith, A.J. and Collins, N.J., 2019. The efficacy of foot orthoses in individuals with patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a randomised feasibility trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5.
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Toda, Y. and Tsukimura, N., 2004. A six‐month followup of a randomized trial comparing the efficacy of a lateral‐wedge insole with subtalar strapping and an in‐shoe lateral‐wedge insole in patients with varus deformity osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 50(10), pp.3129-3136.
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Wyndow, N., Crossley, K.M., Vicenzino, B., Tucker, K. and Collins, N.J., 2019. Foot orthoses and footwear for the management of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized trial. Arthritis care & research.
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Observational Studies

Alshawabka, A.Z., Liu, A., Tyson, S.F. and Jones, R.K., 2014. The use of a lateral wedge insole to reduce knee loading when ascending and descending stairs in medial knee osteoarthritis patients. Clinical Biomechanics, 29(6), pp.650-656.
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Barr, L., Munro, N., Watters, K., McCaig, R., Richards, J. and Chapman, G.J., 2024. The effectiveness of custom hard-shell 3D-printed foot orthoses in a cohort of patients who did not respond to treatment with custom ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) foot orthoses. The Foot, 61, p.102142.
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Bartsch, L.P., Schwarze, M., Block, J., Alimusaj, M., Schiltenwolf, M., Jaber, A. and Wolf, S., 2022. Varus Knee Limits Pain Relief Effects of Laterally Wedged Insoles and Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, pp.jrm00324-jrm00324.
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Fantini Pagani, C.H., Hinrichs, M. and Brüggemann, G.P., 2012. Kinetic and kinematic changes with the use of valgus knee brace and lateral wedge insoles in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 30(7), pp.1125-1132.
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Fu, H.C., Lie, C.W., Ng, T.P., Chen, K.W., Tse, C.Y. and Wong, W.H., 2015. Prospective study on the effects of orthotic treatment for medial knee osteoarthritis in Chinese patients: clinical outcome and gait analysis. Hong Kong Med J, 21(2), pp.98-106.
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Ishii, Y., Deie, M., Fujita, N., Kurumadani, H., Ishikawa, M., Nakamae, A., Hayashi, S., Hata, J., Adachi, N. and Sunagawa, T., 2017. Effects of lateral wedge insole application on medial compartment knee osteoarthritis severity evaluated by ultrasound. The Knee, 24(6), pp.1408-1413.
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Ishii, Y., Ishikawa, M., Shimada, N., Takahashi, M., Iwamoto, Y., Date, S., Kurumadani, H., Kamei, G., Sunagawa, T. and Adachi, N., 2022. Effect of lateral wedge insole on medial meniscus extrusion and its association with knee osteoarthritis progression. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, pp.10-1097.
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Jafarnezhadgero, A.A., Oliveira, A.S., Mousavi, S.H. and Madadi-Shad, M., 2018. Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients. Gait & posture, 59, pp.104-110.
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Kerrigan, D.C., Lelas, J.L., Goggins, J., Merriman, G.J., Kaplan, R.J. and Felson, D.T., 2002. Effectiveness of a lateral-wedge insole on knee varus torque in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 83(7), pp.889-893.
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Robert-Lachaine, X., Dessery, Y., Belzile, É. and Corbeil, P., 2022. Knee braces and foot orthoses multimodal treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture, [online] 96, pp.251-256. Available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35709608/> [Accessed 30 September 2022].
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Sawada, T., Tanimoto, K., Tokuda, K., Iwamoto, Y., Ogata, Y., Anan, M., Takahashi, M., Kito, N. and Shinkoda, K., 2017. Rear foot kinematics when wearing lateral wedge insoles and foot alignment influence the effect of knee adduction moment for medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait & posture, 57, pp.177-181.
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Tan, J.M., Middleton, K.J., Hart, H.F., Menz, H.B., Crossley, K.M., Munteanu, S.E. and Collins, N.J., 2019. Immediate effects of foot orthoses on lower limb biomechanics, pain, and confidence in individuals with patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Gait & posture, 76, p.51.
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Vicenzino, B., Collins, N., Cleland, J. and McPoil, T., 2010. A clinical prediction rule for identifying patients with patellofemoral pain who are likely to benefit from foot orthoses: a preliminary determination. British journal of sports medicine, 44 (12), pp.862-866.
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Yılmaz, B., Kesikburun, S., Köroğlu, O., Yaşar, E., Göktepe, A.S. and Yazıcıoğlu, K., 2016. Effects of two different degrees of lateral-wedge insoles on unilateral lower extremity load-bearing line in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica, 50(4), pp.405-408.
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Meta-Analyses

Culvenor, A.G., van Middelkoop, M., Macri, E.M. and Crossley, K.M., 2021. Is patellofemoral pain preventable? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(7), pp.378-384.
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Fu, Z., Zhu, Z., Chen, H. and Zhang, S., 2019. Surgical treatment is better than non-surgical treatment for primary patellar dislocation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery, pp.1-11.
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Khosravi, M., Babaee, T., Daryabor, A. and Jalali, M., 2022. Effect of knee braces and insoles on clinical outcomes of individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Assistive Technology, 34(5), pp.501-517.
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Migliorini, F., Driessen, A., Quack, V., Gatz, M., Tingart, M. and Eschweiler, J., 2020. Surgical versus conservative treatment for first patellofemoral dislocations: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, pp.1-10.
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Moyer, R.F., Birmingham, T.B., Bryant, D.M., Giffin, J.R., Marriott, K.A. and Leitch, K.M., 2015. Biomechanical effects of valgus knee bracing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 23(2), pp.178-188.
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Moyer, R.F., Birmingham, T.B., Bryant, D.M., Giffin, J.R., Marriott, K.A. and Leitch, K.M., 2015. Valgus bracing for knee osteoarthritis: a meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Arthritis care & research, 67(4), pp.493-501.
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Yokoyama, M., Iijima, H., Kubota, K. and Kanemura, N., 2022. Identifying the modification factors of exercise therapy on biomechanical load in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv, pp.2022-05.
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Systematic Reviews

Beaudreuil, J., Bendaya, S., Faucher, M., Coudeyre, E., Ribinik, P., Revel, M. and Rannou, F., 2009. Clinical practice guidelines for rest orthosis, knee sleeves, and unloading knee braces in knee osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine, 76(6), pp.629-636.
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Feehan, N.L., Trexler, G.S. and Barringer, W.J., 2012. The effectiveness of off-loading knee orthoses in the reduction of pain in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. JPO: Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 24(1), pp.39-49.
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Holden, M.A., Murphy, M., Simkins, J., Thomas, M.J., Huckfield, L., Quicke, J.G., Halliday, N., Birrell, F.N., Borrelli, B., Callaghan, M.J. and Dziedzic, K., 2024. Knee braces for knee osteoarthritis: A scoping review and narrative synthesis of interventions in randomised controlled trials. Osteoarthritis and cartilage.
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Jarl, G., Hellstrand Tang, U., Nordén, E., Johannesson, A. and Rusaw, D.F., 2019. Nordic clinical guidelines for orthotic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review using the AGREE II instrument. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 43(5), pp.556-563.
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Lobb, R., Tumilty, S. and Claydon, L.S., 2012. A review of systematic reviews on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), pp.270-278.
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Mistry, D.A., Chandratreya, A. and Lee, P.Y., 2018. An Update on Unloading Knee Braces in the Treatment of Unicompartmental Knee Osteoarthritis from the Last 10 Years: A Literature Review. The Surgery Journal, 4(03), pp.e110-e118.
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Murata, K., Sakakida, T., Kawabata, S., Yokoyama, M., Morishita, Y., Kita, S., Kubota, K., Kano, T., Kojima, T., Terada, H. and Takasu, C., 2024. The effect of orthosis management on joint instability in knee joint disease: A systematic review. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 48(4), pp.400-411.
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Petersen, W., Ellermann, A., Zantop, T., Rembitzki, I.V., Semsch, H., Liebau, C. and Best, R., 2016. Biomechanical effect of unloader braces for medial osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review (CRD 42015026136). Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery, 136(5), pp.649-656.
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Raja, K. and Dewan, N., 2011. Efficacy of knee braces and foot orthoses in conservative management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 90(3), pp.247-262.
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Rodriguez-Merchan, E.C. and De La Corte-Rodriguez, H., 2019. The role of orthoses in knee osteoarthritis. Hospital practice (1995), 47(1), p.1.
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Sharif, N.A.M., Goh, S.L., Usman, J. and Safwani, W.K.Z.W., 2017. Biomechanical and functional efficacy of knee sleeves: A literature review. Physical Therapy in Sport.
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Sugimoto, D., LeBlanc, J.C., Wooley, S.E., Micheli, L.J. and Kramer, D.E., 2016. The Effectiveness of a Functional Knee Brace on Joint-Position Sense in Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Individuals. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 25(2), pp.190-194.
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Wright, R.W. and Fetzer, G.B., 2007. Bracing after ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1976-2007), 455, pp.162-168.
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Interventional Studies

Callaghan, M.J., Parkes, M.J., Hutchinson, C.E., Gait, A.D., Forsythe, L.M., Marjanovic, E.J., Lunt, M. and Felson, D.T., 2015. A randomised trial of a brace for patellofemoral osteoarthritis targeting knee pain and bone marrow lesions. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 74(6), pp.1164-1170.
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Duivenvoorden, T., van Raaij, T.M., Horemans, H.L., Brouwer, R.W., Bos, P.K., Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M., Verhaar, J.A. and Reijman, M., 2015. Do laterally wedged insoles or valgus braces unload the medial compartment of the knee in patients with osteoarthritis?. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 473(1), pp.265-274.
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Hall, Michelle, Scott Starkey, Rana S. Hinman, Laura E. Diamond, Gavin K. Lenton, Gabrielle Knox, Claudio Pizzolato, and David J. Saxby. "Effect of a valgus brace on medial tibiofemoral joint contact force in knee osteoarthritis with varus malalignment: A within-participant cross-over randomised study with an uncontrolled observational longitudinal follow-up." Plos one 17, no. 6 (2022): e0257171.
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Kirkley, A., Webster-Bogaert, S., Litchfield, R., Amendola, A., MacDonald, S., McCalden, R. and Fowler, P., 1999. The effect of bracing on varus gonarthrosis. JBJS, 81(4), pp.539-48.
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Mine, K., Nakayama, T., Milanese, S. and Grimmer, K., 2017. The effectiveness of braces and orthoses for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of Japanese-language randomised controlled trials. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 41(2), p.115.
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Ostrander, R.V., Leddon, C.E., Hackel, J.G., O’Grady, C.P. and Roth, C.A., 2016. Efficacy of unloader bracing in reducing symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. American Journal of Orthopedics.
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Petersen, W., Ellermann, A., Rembitzki, I.V., Scheffler, S., Herbort, M., Sprenker, F.S., Achtnich, A., Brüggemann, G.P., Best, R., Hoffmann, F. and Koppenburg, A.G., 2014. The Patella Pro study—effect of a knee brace on patellofemoral pain syndrome: design of a randomized clinical trial (DRKS-ID: DRKS00003291). BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 15(1), p.200.
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Robert‐Lachaine, X., Dessery, Y., Belzile, É.L. and Corbeil, P., 2024. Knee braces and foot orthoses multimodal 3‐month treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis in a randomised crossover trial. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.
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Robert‐Lachaine, X., Dessery, Y., Belzile, É.L., Turmel, S. and Corbeil, P., 2020. Three‐month efficacy of three knee braces in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis in a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Research.
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Observational Studies

Bartsch, L.P., Schwarze, M., Block, J., Alimusaj, M., Schiltenwolf, M., Jaber, A. and Wolf, S., 2022. Varus Knee Limits Pain Relief Effects of Laterally Wedged Insoles and Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, pp.jrm00324-jrm00324.
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Bordes, P., Laboute, E., Bertolotti, A., Dalmay, J.F., Puig, P., Trouve, P., Verhaegue, E., Joseph, P.A., Dehail, P. and De Seze, M., 2017. No beneficial effect of bracing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cohort of 969 athletes followed in rehabilitation. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 60(4), pp.230-236.
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Fu, H.C., Lie, C.W., Ng, T.P., Chen, K.W., Tse, C.Y. and Wong, W.H., 2015. Prospective study on the effects of orthotic treatment for medial knee osteoarthritis in Chinese patients: clinical outcome and gait analysis. Hong Kong Med J, 21(2), pp.98-106.
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Hart, H.F., Collins, N.J., Ackland, D.C., Cowan, S.M., Hunt, M.A. and Crossley, K.M., 2016. Immediate effects of a brace on gait biomechanics for predominant lateral knee osteoarthritis and valgus malalignment after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The American journal of sports medicine, 44(4), pp.865-873.
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Hart, H.F., Crossley, K.M., Ackland, D.C., Cowan, S.M. and Collins, N.J., 2016. Effects of an unloader knee brace on knee-related symptoms and function in people with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The Knee, 23(1), pp.85-90.
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Jafarnezhadgero, A.A., Oliveira, A.S., Mousavi, S.H. and Madadi-Shad, M., 2018. Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients. Gait & posture, 59, pp.104-110.
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Lamberg, E.M., Streb, R., Werner, M., Kremenic, I. and Penna, J., 2016. The 2-and 8-week effects of decompressive brace use in people with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 40(4), pp.447-453.
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Mougin, F., Begon, M., Desmyttere, G., Bleau, J., Nault, M.L. and Cherni, Y., 2024. Impact of a 3D-Printed Orthosis on the knee biomechanics in Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury during Daily Activities. Gait & Posture, 113, pp.44-45.
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Ornetti, P., Fortunet, C., Morisset, C., Grémeaux, V., Maillefert, J.F., Casillas, J.M. and Laroche, D., 2015. Clinical effectiveness and safety of a distraction-rotation knee brace for medial knee osteoarthritis. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 58(3), pp.126-131.
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Robert-Lachaine, X., Dessery, Y., Belzile, É. and Corbeil, P., 2022. Knee braces and foot orthoses multimodal treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture, [online] 96, pp.251-256. Available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35709608/> [Accessed 30 September 2022].
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Sinclair, J.K., Selfe, J., Taylor, P.J., Shore, H.F. and Richards, J.D., 2016. Influence of a knee brace intervention on perceived pain and patellofemoral loading in recreational athletes. Clinical Biomechanics, 37, pp.7-12.
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Yu, S.P., Williams, M., Eyles, J.P., Chen, J.S., Makovey, J. and Hunter, D.J., 2016. Effectiveness of knee bracing in osteoarthritis: pragmatic trial in a multidisciplinary clinic. International journal of rheumatic diseases, 19(3), pp.279-286.
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Case Series / Case Studies

Hangalur, G., Brenneman, E., Nicholls, M., Bakker, R., Laing, A. and Chandrashekar, N., 2016. Can a knee brace reduce the strain in the anterior cruciate ligament? A study using combined in vivo/in vitro method. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 40(3), pp.394-399.
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