Patient history and differential diagnosis

The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the Talus.

Horst, F., Gilbert, B.J. and Nunley, J.A., 2004. Avascular necrosis of the talus: current treatment options. Foot and ankle clinics, 9(4), pp.757-773.
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Pearce, D.H., Mongiardi, C.N., Fornasier, V.L. and Daniels, T.R., 2005. Avascular Necrosis of the Talus: A Pictorial Essay 1. Radiographics, 25(2), pp.399-410.
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Gross, C.E., Haughom, B., Chahal, J. and Holmes Jr, G.B., 2014. Treatments for avascular necrosis of the talus: a systematic review. Foot & ankle specialist, 7(5), pp.387-397.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of tarsal coalition.

Cass, A.D. and Camasta, C.A., 2010. A review of tarsal coalition and pes planovalgus: clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and surgical planning. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 49(3), pp.274-293.
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Lawrence, D.A., Rolen, M.F., Haims, A.H., Zayour, Z. and Moukaddam, H.A., 2014. Tarsal Coalitions: Radiographic, CT, and MR Imaging Findings. HSS Journal, 10(2), p.153.
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Wähnert, D., Grüneweller, N., Evers, J., Sellmeier, A.C., Raschke, M.J. and Ochman, S., 2013. An unusual cause of ankle pain: fracture of a talocalcaneal coalition as a differential diagnosis in an acute ankle sprain: a case report and literature review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 14(1), p.111.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of hindfoot osteoarthritis

Saltzman, C.L., Salamon, M.L., Blanchard, G.M., Huff, T., Hayes, A., Buckwalter, J.A. and Amendola, A., 2005. Epidemiology of ankle arthritis: report of a consecutive series of 639 patients from a tertiary orthopaedic center. The Iowa orthopaedic journal, 25, p.44.
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Kraus, V.B., Kilfoil, T.M., Hash II, T.W., McDaniel, G., Renner, J.B., Carrino, J.A. and Adams, S., 2015. Atlas of radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the ankle and hindfoot. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 23(12), pp.2059-2085.
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Ritterman, S.A., Fellars, T.A. and Digiovanni, C.W., 2013. Current thoughts on ankle arthritis. Rhode Island medical journal (2013), 96(3), pp.30-33.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of anterior ankle impingement.

Berman, Z., Tafur, M., Ahmed, S.S., Huang, B.K. and Chang, E.Y., 2017. Ankle impingement syndromes: an imaging review. The British journal of radiology, 90(1070), p.20160735.
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Van Dijk, C.N., 2006. Anterior and posterior ankle impingement. Foot and ankle clinics, 11(3), pp.663-683.
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Vaseenon, T. and Amendola, A., 2012. Update on anterior ankle impingement. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 5(2), pp.145-150.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of post-operative hindfoot and ankle complications.

Aarts, C.A., Heesterbeek, P.J., Jaspers, P.E., Stegeman, M. and Louwerens, J.W.K., 2016. Does osteoarthritis of the ankle joint progress after triple arthrodesis? A midterm prospective outcome study. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 22(4), pp.265-269.
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Klerken, T., Kosse, N.M., Aarts, C.A. and Louwerens, J.W.K., 2017. Long-term results after triple arthrodesis: Influence of alignment on ankle osteoarthritis and clinical outcome. Foot and Ankle Surgery.
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Buchner, M. and Sabo, D., 2003. Ankle fusion attributable to posttraumatic arthrosis: a long-term followup of 48 patients. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 406(1), pp.155-164.
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Haddad, S.L., Coetzee, J.C., Estok, R., Fahrbach, K., Banel, D. and Nalysnyk, L., 2007. Intermediate and long-term outcomes of total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis: a systematic review of the literature. JBJS, 89(9), pp.1899-1905.
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