Warning
For further information and advice regarding penicillin allergy, dosing, important interactions/adverse effects/safety considerations and antimicrobial stewardship please refer to the USER GUIDE.

Treating Your Infection Respiratory Tract Infection (TYI-RTI) patient information leaflet
In patients experiencing self-limiting RTIs consider using this UKHSA leaflet to support good antimicrobial prescribing practice.

Acute bronchitis / cough

Self-limiting illness lasting around 3 weeks.

Consider delayed antibiotic prescribing, which is unlikely to be associated with an increase in symptom or illness duration, except in young children (<5 years old)

Antibiotics of little benefit in absence of co-morbidity

 

If antibiotics are required, choices as per Primary Care (Lower Respiratory Tract - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)) section.
Duration: 5 days

Refer to: NICE: Acute Cough

Refer to: NICE: Acute Bronchitis

 

Acute exacerbation of asthma

Do not prescribe antibiotics routinely unless signs and symptoms suggest bacterial infection. If required, antibiotic choices are as per community-acquired pneumonia.

Refer to: NICE/CKS: Acute Exacerbation of Asthma

 

Infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Many exacerbations are not caused by bacterial infections.

Consider the need for antibiotics by taking into account the signs/symptoms that suggest potential bacterial infection (e.g. increased sputum volume/thickness beyond normal day-to-day variation, changes in sputum colour) and the risk of complications.

Do not send sputum samples for culture routinely. Consider sending if there is no improvement in symptoms on first choice taken for at least 2-3 days.

 

Amoxicillin dose

Penicillin Allergy/Second Line: Doxycycline dose or Clarithromycin dose

If already on prophylactic antibiotics, treat with an agent from a different class.
Duration: 5 days

 

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Children:

Refer to: Hospital: Paediatrics (Respiratory Tract - Lower, Community-acquired pneumonia)

 

Adults:

Use CRB-65 in conjunction with clinical judgement to assess pneumonia severity and whether to treat at home or refer to hospital.

  • Score 1 for each of the following:
    • Confusion (abbreviated Mental Test score 8 or less, or new disorientation in person, place or time).
    • Raised respiratory rate (≥30 breaths per min) 
    • Low blood pressure (systolic ≤90 mmHg, or diastolic ≤60mmHg)
    • Age ≥65
    •  
    • Score 0: suitable for home treatment (low risk: <1% mortality risk)
    • Score 1-2: consider hospital admission, particularly with score of 2 (intermediate risk: 1–10% mortality risk)
    • Score 3-4: urgent admission (high risk: more than 10% mortality risk)

 

Amoxicillin dose

Penicillin Allergy: Doxycycline dose (Pregnant: Clarithromycin dose)

Duration: 5 days

Refer to: NICE/CKS Community Acquired Pneumonia

 

Suspected COVID-19/viral pneumonia

Antibiotics not routinely required

 

Infective exacerbation of bronchiectasis

Send sputum samples prior to starting antibiotics. Clinical details should indicate patient is being treated for an "infective exacerbation of bronchiectasis".

If a pathogen is isolated in sputum culture, antibiotics only require switching if there is no clinical improvement. Antibiotic selection should be guided by sensitivity results.

 

Amoxicillin dose

Penicillin Allergy/Second Line: Doxycycline dose or Clarithromycin dose

If already on prophylactic antibiotics, treat with an agent from a different class.

Previous sputum bacteriology results can be useful in deciding which antibiotic to use.

Duration: 7-14 days (use a shorter course for mild exacerbations)

 

Refer to: BTS Guideline for Bronchiectasis in Adults

Refer to: NICE/CKS Infective exacerbation of bronchiectasis

 

Unsure if lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) or urinary tract infection (UTI)

Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 31/07/2024

Next review date: 31/07/2027

Version: V1.0

Approved By: AMT (23.07.24) and ADTC (31.07.24)

Reviewer name(s): Jon van Aartsen (consultant microbiologist), Claire Mitchell (pharmacist).