Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant Treatment and Outpatient Gynaecological Procedures (712)
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Factor Xa inhibitors Apixaban (Eliquis®), Edoxaban (Lixiana®) and Rivaroxiban (Xarelto®) are the preferred anticoagulant therapy for treatment of venous thromboembolism and non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Within NHS GG&C, edoxaban is the treatment of choice for AF and Apixaban for pulmonary embolism. They are direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and are Factor Xa inhibitors. An additional DOAC, dabigatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), is also in use within NHS GG&C in a small number of patients.
DOACs are in tablet form and are taken orally once (rivaroxaban, edoxaban) or, twice (apixaban, dabigatran) daily. Rivaroxaban may also be taken twice daily in the first 21 days as a loading dose. They have a relatively short half life (of 8-12 hours) but this may be longer in the presence of renal impairment (creatinine clearance, (CrCl) <30ml/min). The CrCl is the preferred measure of renal function (rather than eGFR) when managing DOACs (see Appendix A for the NHS GG&C creatinine clearance calculator). With the exception of dabigatran (for which there is an antidote, Praxbind® (idarucizumab)) the anticoagulant effect of DOACs cannot be easily reversed and as such emergency surgery or procedures may be challenging to manage.
This guideline will discuss the management of patients taking anticoagulants (warfarin or DOACs) and anti-platelet agents (e.g. clopidogrel) when undergoing elective gynaecological procedures, according to their risk of haemorrhage.