Warning

ATTITUDES

  • Belief that a pain is potentially harmful or disabling
  • Belief that pain must be abolished before attempting to return to work
  • Expectation of increased pain with activity or work, lack of ability to predict capability
  • Catastrophic thinking, fearing the worst misinterpreting bodily symptoms
  • Belief that pain is uncontrollable
  • Passive Attitude to rehabilitation

BEHAVIOURS

  • Use of extended rest of disproportionate down time
  • Rescued activity level and withdrawal from AOL
  • Poor compliance with physical exercise, activity ,cycling
  • Avoidance of normal activity/substitution of lifestyle away from productive activity
  • Report of high intensity of pain or NAS 10/10
  • Poor quality of sleep since onset
  • High intake of alcohol or other substances since onset of pain
  • Smoking

COMPENSATION ISSUES

  • Lack of incentive to return to work
  • Disputes over access to benefits
  • History of claims due to other injuries
  • History of back pain with previous sickness benefits
  • Participation in a medico-legal claim

DISABILITY

  • Health Professionals sanctioning disability
  • Conflicting diagnosis – confusion
  • Unfamiliar medical language - catastrophising
  • Dramatisation of a problem by professional-dependency on treatment
  • Continued receipt of passive treatment
  • Expectation of quick and easy cure
  • Lack of satisfaction with previous Rx for back pain
  • Advice to change or withdraw from job.

EMOTIONS

  • Fear of increased pain with increased activity
  • Depression, loss of enjoyment
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety and heightened awareness of bodily sensations
  • Feeling under stress and unable to maintain sense of control
  • Presence of social anxiety/disinterested in social activity
  • Feelings of uselessness

FAMILY

  • Over protective spouse/partner, encouraging belief behaviours
  • Solicitous behaviour from spouse
  • Socially punitive responses by spouse
  • Extent to which family members support return to work
  • Lack of someone to talk to

WORK

  • History of manual work
  • Repetitive boring work
  • Previous work history, frequent job changes, stress, poor relationship with peers, boss etc
  • Belief that work is harmful/dangerous
  • Unhappy current work situation
  • Low educational background, socio-economical status
  • Heavy bio-mechanical demands of work
  • Lack of availability for graded return to work
  • Negative experience of workplace management of back pain
  • Absence of interest by employer

Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 05/07/2024

Next review date: 05/07/2026

Reviewer name(s): Deena Dean.