References
- Scottish Government, 2021. Respiratory Care Action Plan. 2021- 2026. https://www.gov.scot/publications/respiratory-care-action-plan-scotland-2021-2026/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2021. Scottish Health Survey. https://www.gov.scot/collections/scottish-health-survey/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- World Health Organisation, 2020. WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease intervention for primary health care. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240009226 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2022. Realistic Medicine. https://realisticmedicine.scot/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2018. Polypharmacy Model of care Group. Polypharmacy Guidance Realistic Prescribing 3rd https://www.therapeutics.scot.nhs.uk/polypharmacy/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network / British Thoracic Society (BTS), 2019. https://www.sign.ac.uk/our-guidelines/british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma/?UID=77927875120242972126 (Accessed:19 February 2024).
- National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2021 Asthma: Diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. NICE guideline [NG80] 2017. Update March 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/ (Accessed: 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2022. NHS Scotland Climate emergency and suitability strategy: 2022-2026. https://www.gov.scot/publications/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026 (Accessed: 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2022. Polypharmacy: Manage Medicines - Respiratory Prescribing https://rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk/respiratory-prescribing-in-development/ (Accessed 9 February 2024).
- Grol, R and Grimshaw, J. ‘From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients' care’, The Lancet, Volume 362, Issue 9391, 2003, Pages 1225-1230, ISSN 0140-6736 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14546-1 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland, 2022. Why ask what matters? https://www.whatmatterstoyou.scot/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Public Health Scotland, 2021. Dispenser payments and prescription cost analysis. https://www.publichealthscotland.scot/publications/dispenser-payments-and-prescription-cost-analysis/dispenser-payments-and-prescription-cost-analysis-financial-year-2020-to-2021 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Sleight, H, Boxall, A and Toet, S. ‘Uptake of Pharmaceuticals by Crops: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis’, 2023, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 42(10) 2091-2104 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5700 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- SEPA and One Health Breakthrough Partnership, ‘Pharmaceuticals in the Water Environment’ https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/EnvironmentalPharmaceuticals/ (Accessed 16 February 2024).
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical Knowledge Summary- Asthma ‘What is the prevalence of Asthma’ (2022 update) https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/asthma/background-information/prevalence/ (Accessed: 19 February 2024).
- Asthma and Lung UK, 2022. 'Transforming Asthma Care in the UK'. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/sites/default/files/Fighting%20back_V3.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Inhaler technique: does age matter? A systematic review. Sarah Barbara, Vicky Kritikos, Sinthia Bosnic-Anticevich. European Respiratory Review Dec 2017, 26 (146) 170055; DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0055-2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29212836/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland, 2021. Steroid emergency card to support early recognition of adrenal crisis in adults. https://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.scot/publications/steroid-emergency-card-to-support-early-recognition-and-treatment-of-adrenal-crisis-in-adults/ (Accessed 19 February 2024)
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2021. Clinical Knowledge Summary. Osteoporosis – prevention of fragility factures. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/osteoporosis-prevention-of-fragility-fractures/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Nwaru BI, Ekstrom M, Hasvold P et al. Overuse of short-acting beta2-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J 2023; 55(4): 1901872 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01872-2019 (Accessed 19 February 2024)
- GSK, 2021. Asthma Control Test, 2021 https://www.asthmacontroltest.com/en-gb/welcome/ (Accessed 19 February 2024),
- Royal College of Physicians. National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) Confidential Enquiry report. London: RCP, 2014. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/national-review-asthma-deaths (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Primary Care Respiratory Society, 2022. Online Asthma Slide rule https://www.pcrs-uk.org/resource/online-asthma-slide-rule (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Janson, C et al. An Overview of Short Acting B2 Agonist Use in Asthma in European Countries, Advances in Therapy 2020. March; 37 (3): p1124-1135, doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01233-0. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31981105/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- General Pharmaceutical Council Patient safety spotlight, 2022. The risks of overprescribing Salbutamol inhalers for asthma https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/regulate/article/patient-safety-spotlight-risks-overprescribing-salbutamol-inhalers-asthma (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Global Initiative for Asthma, 2023. GINA Difficult to treat & severe asthma Guide 2023. Available at https://ginasthma.org/reports/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Crossingham I, Turner S, Ramakrishnan S et al. Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 5: CD013518 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013518.pub2 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Conner J & Buck P. Improving Asthma Management: The Case for Mandatory Inclusion of Dose Counters on All Rescue Bronchodilators. Journal of Asthma 2013 Aug; 50 (6) :658-663 DOI: 3109/02770903.2013.789056 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Janson C, et al. The carbon footprint of respiratory treatment in Europe and Canada: an observational study from the CARBON programme. European Respiratory Journal 2022. June (60): DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02760-2021. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/60/2/2102760 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- WHO European Health Information Gateway, 2024. https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/indicators/hfamdb_135-sdr-asthma-per-100-000/#id=29413&fullGraph=true) (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Chiesi, 2019. Clenil® Modulite® 250 micrograms inhaler (with dose counter) SmPC. Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6977/smpc (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Kankaanranta, Hannu & Lahdensuo, Aarne & Moilanen, Eeva & Barnes, Peter. (2004). Add-on therapy options in asthma not adequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids: A comprehensive review. Respiratory research. 5. 17. 10.1186/1465-9921-5-17. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-5-17 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Joint Formulary Committee, 2022. British National Formulary online. Montelukast updated 2022. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/montelukast/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2019. Montelukast (Singulair): reminder of the risk of neuropsychiatric reactions. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/montelukast-singulair-reminder-of-the-risk-of-neuropsychiatric-reactions (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- European Medicines Agency, 2022. Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation- Montelukast July 2019. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/montelukast-cmdh-scientific-conclusions-and-grounds-variation-amendments-product-information-and-timetable-implementation-psusa00002087201807_en.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2021: Asthma inhalers and climate change (patient decision aid) updated September 2022 Nice guideline [NG80] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/resources/inhalers-for-asthma-patient-decision-aid-pdf-6727144573 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Asthma UK, 2019. Living in Limbo: the scale of unmet need in difficult and severe asthma. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-03/living-in-limbo---the-scale-of-unmet-need-in-difficult-and-severe-asthma.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- PRECISION Scotland National Working Group. Severe asthma patient pathway for Scotland. March 2022 (funded by AstraZeneca and the PRECISION programme)
- Health Improvement Scotland Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Omalizumab 7mg, 150mg solution for injection (Xolair) Advice, June 2011. Available at https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/omalizumab-75mg-150mg-solution-for-injection-xolair-abbreviatedsubmission-70811/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Mepolizumab (Nucala) Advice, June https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/mepolizumab-nucala-fullsubmission-114916 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland / Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Benralizumab (Fasenra) Advice, June 2019. https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/benralizumab-fasenra-fullsubmission-smc2155/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland / Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Dupilumab (Dupixent) Advice, April 2021. https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/dupilumab-dupixent-full-smc2317/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Oxford Academic Health Science Network Accelerated Access Collaborative. Understanding opportunities to improve Severe Asthma Care in England: A National Benchmarking Exercise, March 2022. https://www.healthinnovationoxford.org/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Sustainable Healthcare Coalition, 2019. Care pathway for Monoclonal Antibody Therapy June 2018. https://shcoalition.org/care-pathway-for-monoclonal-antibody-therapy-2/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- British Lung Foundation, 2022. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) statistics. https://statistics.blf.org.uk/copd (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2018 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG115] 2018. Update July 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). 2024. Global Strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2024 Report. https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute of Health and Care Excellence, 2018 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (acute exacerbation): antimicrobial prescribing. NICE guideline [NG114] 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng114 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Smith D. et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for the use of long-term macrolides in adults with respiratory disease. Thorax 2020; 0:1–35. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213929. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/75/5/370 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Experts in COPD supported by GSK, 2022. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) August 2022. https://www.catestonline.org/hcp-homepage.html (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Medical Research Council, 2016. MRC Breathlessness Scale 1959. https://www.ukri.org/publications/mrc-breathlessness-scales-1952-and-1959/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Healthcare Improvement Scotland / Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, 2022. Penicillin Allergy De-labelling guidance. https://www.sapg.scot/guidance-qi-tools/quality-improvement-tools/penicillin-allergy-de-labelling/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Tamondong-Lachica DR, Skolnik N, Hurst JR, Marchetti N, Rabe APJ, Montes de Oca M, Celli BR. GOLD 2023 Update: Implications for Clinical Practice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023 May 5;18:745-754. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S404690. PMID: 37180752; PMCID: PMC10168197. (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Poole P, Sathananthan K, Fortescue R. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. May 2019. Issue 5. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub6/full (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. Enezair® Breezhaler® April 2022. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/11886 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- GlaxoSmithKline UK. Trelegy Ellipta 92/55/22 micrograms inhalation powder, pre-dispensed. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/8666 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Chiesi Limited. Trimbow pMDI 87/5/9/ micrograms pressurised inhalation. July 2022. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/761/smpc (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Chiesi Limited. Trimbow pMDI 172/5/9/ micrograms pressurised inhalation, July 2022. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/13816/smpc (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Chiesi Limited. Trimbow NEXThaler (DPI) 88/5/9 micrograms per actuation. July 2022. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12829/smpc (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- AstraZeneca UK Limited. Trixeo Aerosphere 5/ 7.2/ 160 micrograms pressurised inhalation, suspension, March 2021. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12028 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- University of Dundee / NHS Tayside. Bronchiectasis Severity Index. http://www.bronchiectasisseverity.com/15-2/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Hill AT, Sullivan AL, Chalmers JD, et al. 2018. ‘Guideline for Bronchiectasis in Adults’, Thorax 2019;74 (Suppl 1):1–69. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/bronchiectasis-in-adults/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1700629. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28889110/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- British Thoracic Society, Vol10 Issue 3, 2019. ILD Registry Annual Report 2019. https://www.acprc.org.uk/Data/Resource_Downloads/BTSILDRegistryAnnualReport2019.pdf?date=01/04/2022%2011:41:01 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2021, ‘Nintedanib for treating progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases.’ https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta747 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland / Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Nintedanib (Ofev®) Advice. https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/nintedanib-ofev-fullsubmission-107615/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland / Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Pirfenidone (Esbriet®) Advice August 213. https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/pirfenidone-esbriet-resubmission-83513/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute for Care and Health Excellence, British National Formulary, ‘Nintedanib’, 2024. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nintedanib/ (Accessed 19 February 2024)
- National Institute for Care and Health Excellence, British National Formulary, ‘Pirfenidone’, 2024. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/pirfenidone/ (Accessed 19 February 2024)
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013. ‘Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in adults: diagnosis and management.’ NICE guideline [CG163] Update May 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG163/chapter/1-Recommendations#management (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2018. Pirfenidone for treating Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. February 2018. Technology Appraisal guidance [TA504]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta504 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2016. Nintedanib for treating Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. January 2016. Technology Appraisal guidance [TA379]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta379 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Health Improvement Scotland / Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2022. Patient Access Schemes. https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/making-a-submission/companies/patient-access-schemes/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2022. Chief Medical Officer – Annual report: 2020-2021 March 2021. https://www.gov.scot/publications/cmo-annual-report-2020-21/pages/6/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Lavorini F, Corrigan CJ, Barnes PJ, Dekhuijzen PR, Levy ML, Pedersen S, Roche N, Vincken W, Crompton GK; Aerosol Drug Management Improvement Team. ‘Retail sales of inhalation devices in European countries: so much for a global policy.’ Respir Med. 2011 Jul;105(7):1099-103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21489771/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- British Thoracic Society. Position Statement Environment and Lung Health March 2020. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/about-us/position-statements/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Green Inhaler, 2022 The problem with Inhalers. https://greeninhaler.org/the-problem-with-inhalers/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Woodcock, A et al. Effects of switching from a metered dose inhaler to a dry powder inhaler on climate emissions and asthma control: post-hoc analysis. Thorax 2022 O;1-6. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2022/01/12/thoraxjnl-2021-218088 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Vartiainen VA, Federico Lavorini, Anna C Murphy & Klaus F Rabe (2023) High inhaler resistance does not limit successful inspiratory manoeuvre among patients with asthma or COPD, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 20:3, 385-393, DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2179984 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Koura, 2021 Zephex® 152a: reducing the carbon footprint of asthma inhalers. https://www.zephex.com/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Honeywell International Inc, 2022. ‘Honeywell Begins Production of Near-Zero Global-Warming – Potential Medical Propellant.’ Press release: October 2022. https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2022/10/honeywell-begins-production-of-near-zero-global-warming-potential-medical-propellant (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- PrescQIPP Community Interest Company, 2018. Bulletin 295: Inhaler carbon footprint. https://www.prescqipp.info/our-resources/bulletins/bulletin-295-inhaler-carbon-footprint/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- PrescQIPP Community Interest Company. Hot Topics – Lowering the carbon footprint update. https://www.prescqipp.info/news/hot-topics-lowering-the-inhaler-carbon-footprint-update/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Greener Practice, 2022. ‘Why Environmentally Sustainable Practice?’ https://www.greenerpractice.co.uk/information-and-resources/why-environmentally-sustainable-practice/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Scottish Government, 2022. Effective Prescribing and Therapeutics Division. National Therapeutic Indicators – Respiratory. Update March 2022. Available at: https://scotland.shinyapps.io/nhs-prescribing-nti/ (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Usmani O, Capstick T, Saleem A. Choosing an appropriate inhaler device for the treatment of adults with asthma or COPD. MGP guidelines. 2020. https://www.medscape.co.uk/primary-care-guidelines (Accessed 19 February 2024)
- Ramadan WH, Sarkis AT. ‘Patterns of use of dry powder inhalers versus pressurized metered-dose inhalers devices in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: an observational comparative study.’ Chron Respir Dis. 2017; 14:309-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972316687209 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Usmani, O.S., Lavorini, F., Marshall, J. et al. ‘Critical inhaler errors in asthma and COPD: a systematic review of impact on health outcomes.’ Respir Res 19, 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0710-y (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Starup-Hansen, J, Dunne, H, Sadler, J, Jones, A, Okorie, M. ‘Climate change in healthcare: Exploring the potential role of inhaler prescribing.’ Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2020; 8: e00675. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.675 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Chen, SY., Huang, CK., Peng, HC. et al. ‘Inappropriate Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate with Dry Powder Inhaler in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.’ Sci Rep 10, 7271 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64235-6 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Small, M., Anderson, P., Vickers, A. et al. ‘Importance of inhaler-device satisfaction in asthma treatment: Real-world observations of physician-observed compliance and clinical/patient-reported outcomes.’ Adv Therapy 28, 202–212 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-010-0108-4 (Accessed 19 February 2024).
- Keeley, D and Attar-Zadeh, D. ‘Shared decision making for greener healthcare: guidance on making safe and clinically appropriate changes to inhalers.’ PCRS, 22 :14. 2021. https://www.pcrs-uk.org/sites/default/files/pcru/articles/2021-July-Issue-22-GHC_ChangingInhalersSharedDecisions.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2024).